government site. Her husband, Henry, became king of France in 1547 and after his death, three of Catherine's sons served as kings. It's a site that collects all the most frequently asked questions and answers, so you don't have to spend hours on searching anywhere else. Clarice and Lorenzo had 10 children, all except Contessina Antonia born in Florence: Lorenzo adopted his nephew Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici (14781534), the illegitimate son of his slain brother Giuliano. As the story goes,. Prominent diseases in Medici family members [6] She was also called on by others throughout the area to support their requests to her husband. Last edited on 21 February 2023, at 08:15, Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, "Medici, Lorenzo de', detto il Magnifico", "Medici Money: Banking, Metaphysics, and Art in Fifteenth-Century Florence", "Catholic Encyclopedia: Pope Clement VII", "Alessandro de' Medici (15101537) BlackPast", "Revisiting the renaissance with Assassin's Creed 2", "Who's who in 'Da Vinci's Demons' Season 2", "Daniel Sharman and Bradley James Join Netflix's 'Medici', "The Mouse that Michelangelo Did Carve in the Medici Chapel: An Oriental Comment to the Famous Article of Erwin Panofsky", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lorenzo_de%27_Medici&oldid=1140692593, Male twins who died after birth (March 1471), Contessina Beatrice de' Medici, died shortly after her birth on 23 September 1474, Lorenzo de' Medici is depicted as a teenager in. The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network. Although Lorenzo did not commission many works himself, he helped these artists to secure commissions from other patrons. This would lead to the events of 26 April 1478. For these reasons, Lorenzo was the subject of the Pazzi conspiracy (1478), in which his brother Giuliano was assassinated. From his deathbed he sent for Savonarola, who, according to a doubtful tradition, called upon him to give Florence back her freedom and, in the face of the dying mans silence, refused to grant him absolution. Giuliano de Medici was killed by Francesco Pazzi, but Lorenzo was able to defend himself and escaped only slightly wounded. Lorenzo was also known as a refined poet and writer. Page 250. Palazzo Pitti. The archbishop clumsily accosted the Medici gonfalonier, a harsh and suspicious man who immediately had him hanged from a window of the Palazzo Vecchio wearing his episcopal robes. These alliances mattered, because the Medicis were increasingly dependent on their political power and the income they accrued from the Florentine state, both directly as officeholders and indirectly via patronage of contracts. During the Renaissance, many different substances were used to treat the 'falling sickness'. [7] People sought her support in the easing of taxes and releasing family members from exile or prison. [44] In 1531, Lorenzo's nephew Giulio di Giuliano whom Lorenzo had raised as his own son and who in 1523 became Pope Clement VII formalized Medici rule of Florence by installing Alessandro de' Medici the city's first hereditary duke. [21], In the aftermath of the Pazzi conspiracy and the punishment of supporters of Pope Sixtus IV, the Medici and Florence earned the wrath of the Holy See, which seized all the Medici assets that Sixtus could find, excommunicated Lorenzo and the entire government of Florence, and ultimately put the entire Florentine city-state under interdict. The Duke of Milan had agreed to sell it to Lorenzo, but he reneged on the agreement and decided to sell it to the Pope instead, part of a deal in which their daughter and nephew would marry. Down Syndrome. Epub 2011 Jan 15. The story reminds us of Lorenzo the Magnificent (Italian: Lorenzo il Magnifico, 14491492) as the greatest of the Medici. They appear to have suffered an inherited disorder called the Medici Syndrome which caused an ankylotic spinal stenosis, an erythematous skin disorder and recurrent peripheral joint disease. Giuffra V, Vitiello, Giussiani S, et al. What inherited disease did Lorenzo de Medici have? Lorenzo the Magnificent as he was known died on 8th April 1492 after receiving absolution aged 43 at the longtime family villa of Careggi after succumbing to complications of the family curse - gout. [24] When these moves had little effect, Sixtus formed a military alliance with King Ferdinand I of Naples, whose son, Alfonso, Duke of Calabria, led an invasion of the Florentine Republic, still ruled by Lorenzo. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Omissions? Their coat of arms with its red balls (or balle) on a golden field has been variously interpreted as representing victory, or coins, or perhaps that the Medici as their name implied had once been apothecaries or physicians and that the red balls signified pills or cupping glasses.1, The first notable member of the family was Giovanni di Bicci (1360 1429). [2] Their marriage was unusual for Florence at the time in that they were nearly the same age. [45], Paintings by Botticelli that use the Medici family as models. He was also respected as a poet of great talent. Do Men Still Wear Button Holes At Weddings? And two years later the foolish Italian expedition of the French king Charles VIII was to plunge the peninsula into a half century of warfare and strife. It seemed necessarythat he brought water from the Villa; and no one thought that she would die so soon. Lorenzo's grandfather, Cosimo de' Medici, was the first member of the Medici family to lead the Republic of Florence and run the Medici Bank simultaneously. This article was most recently revised and updated by, Magnificent ruler and patron of the arts, Armand-Jean du Plessis, cardinal et duc de Richelieu, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lorenzo-de-Medici. Ann Rheum Dis. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes. Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab 2012,8(20;52). This amazed Europe, for he had all the attributes of a true sovereign. Paleopathological findings on exhumed skeletons, supplemented by medical descriptions in historical documents, have permitted a retrospective . At his bedside were Michelangelo Buonarroti and the Dominican monk Girolamo Savonarola, who administered the last rites. [6] On the foreign policy front, Lorenzo manifested a clear plan to stem the territorial ambitions of Pope Sixtus IV, in the name of the balance of the Italian League of 1454. Lorenzo de' Medici appears as a supporting character to the protagonist. Protruding bone spurs are formed, and there is generalized bone hardening and overgrowth. This disease is caused by the abnormal duplication of the 21st chromosome in all or some of the cells of the body. The historical significance of the Medici family of Florence is widely recognised, but the diseases which afflicted leading members of this family have only been scientifically studied in recent decades. Lorenzos reputation, prudence and genius had helped maintain a long and secure peace in Italy. [34] The marriage in person took place in Florence on 4 June 1469. Lorenzo thereupon went, alone, to Naples. Precisely because he was not an aristocrat, he became an important model in the 18th and 19th century for a new class of 'merchant princes'. As a patron, he is best known for his sponsorship of artists such as Botticelli and Michelangelo. Many have emphasized the role played by the Medici, a banking family and later ducal ruling house, in patronizing and stimulating the arts. The Medicis invented banking conventions that still exist. 2 Aprile 1602). The joust was the subject of a poem written by Luigi Pulci. Late in Lorenzo's life the young Michelangelo (born in 1475) joined the group of artists who met in the sculpture garden of the Palazzo Medici, where they were able to study Lorenzo's collection of art and antiquities. What was Lorenzo de Medicis family like? Fornaciari G, Giuffra V, Giussiani S, et al. "[17], Lorenzo, groomed for power, assumed a leading role in the state upon the death of his father in 1469, when he was 20. Lorenzo emerged from the conflict with greatly increased prestige. A study1 of the skeletons of nine Medici children born in the sixteenth century shows that they had rickets, a vitamin D deficiency that causes bones to become soft and even deformed. When Lorenzo de' Medici was born in 1449, his family were enjoying an enviable position at the head of government in Florence. His preference for the Tuscan dialect over Latin was remarkable for this time. Pope Clement VII (May 26, 1478 September 25, 1534), born Giulio di Giuliano de Medici, was a cardinal from 1513 to 1523 and was pope from 1523 to 1534. The problems spread; Lorenzo alienated his own relatives in the cadet branch [a junior line] of the family (descendants of Cosimo the Elder's brother, another Lorenzo) by helping himself to money held for them in trust. Rheumatol., 4 (2009) . He contented himself with creating a Council of Seventy that he hoped would be even more manageable than the old Cento (Hundred). Which Is More Stable Thiophene Or Pyridine? Prince Lorenzo de' Medici is a direct descendant and heirto one of the most famous family names in human history. Together, they have tens of thousands of living descendants today, including all of the Roman Catholic royal families of Europebut they are not patrilineal Medici. Home | About | Contact | Copyright | Privacy | Cookie Policy | Terms & Conditions | Sitemap. He might have been satisfied to know that it survives, more than 500 years on. Known as Lorenzo the Magnificent, the Florentine statesman and arts patron is considered the most brilliant of the Medici. Lorenzo reported arthralgia in his hands and feet, skin itching, and urolithiasis, which all progressively worsened, and he also described severe headaches, anosmia, and unspecified visual problems. PMC Lorenzo de' Medici (1449-1492) was one of the most influential political figures of the Italian Renaissance. Known as Lorenzo the Magnificent, the Florentine statesman and arts patron is considered the most brilliant of the Medici. There a 15-year-old pupil attracted his attention and was brought up in the palace like a son of the family; it was Michelangelo. He held the balance of power within the Italic League, an alliance of states that stabilized political conditions on the Italian peninsula for decades, and his life coincided with the mature phase of the Italian Renaissance and the Golden Age of Florence. Ferdinand, disconcerted, perhaps intimidated, yielded and concluded a peace; and Sixtus IV, now isolated, could only comply with it. Gene. 2014 Jul;35(7):1133-7. doi: 10.1007/s10072-014-1694-8. Toward the end of his life, Lorenzo opened a school of sculpture in his garden of San Marco. The Medici had tried to circumvent the usual structures of government, ruling by means of emergency committees packed with allies, and pre-selecting election candidates. Rich and resplendent, first in banking and in the wool trade, it even issued its own currency, the golden florin, widely used throughout Europe. What disease did Lorenzo Medici inherit? "Florentine Palaces & Their Stories". However, the insidious course and slow progression of the disease is also diagnosed by analysis of photographs of the patient's head. Although it was an arranged marriage and Cosimo and Contessina did not marry out of love, they still had a very good and loving relationship that produced two sons, Piero and Giovanni. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Con la vita del Magnifico Lorenzo de' Medici il Vecchio scritta da Niccol Valori. This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 08:15. The disease may also affect the neck and lower back, and sometimes the shoulders, elbows, knees, and heels, and there may also be radiographic evidence of thickening of the skull. Both businesses were very profitable and the family became extremely wealthy. Piero di Lorenzo de' Medici was the eldest son of Lorenzo de' Medici (Lorenzo the Magnificent) and Clarice Orsini. Mediceo Avanti il Principato (filza LI), for Archivio di Stato di Firenze. 1. Patrilineal descendants today: 0; Total descendants today: about 40,000. Historian Catherine Fletcher explores the life of the delightful tyrant, and how he became a prince to be reckoned with. In 1494, he squandered his father's patrimony and brought down the Medici dynasty in Florence. Members of the family that dominated the Florentine Renaissance are to be exhumed and genetic analysis used to unveil their last secrets, Italian authorities have announced . Lorenzo also brought up his murdered brothers illegitimate son, Giulio, who would become Pope Clement VII in 1523. As the Medici pursued the conspirators including Francesco Salviati, archbishop of Pisa the pope moved against the Medici. On the recommendation of Pico della Mirandola, Lorenzo permitted the Dominican monk Girolamo Savonarola to preach at San Marco in 1490. He died two years before the outbreak of war and the exile of the Medici. But much light has been thrown on this subject beginning in 1945, when four generations of the Medici were exhumed from their family chapel in the Church of San Lorenzo, making it possible to study at least fifteen skeletons.2. During the Renaissance, many different substances were used to treat the 'falling sickness'. Patrilineal descendants today: 0; Total descendants today: about 40,000. On 30 July 1488 she died in Florence, and was buried two days later. To this day, his death mask is preserved in the Museo degli Argenti in Palazzo Pitti. Enter a Melbet promo code and get a generous bonus, An Insight into Coupons and a Secret Bonus, Organic Hacks to Tweak Audio Recording for Videos Production, Bring Back Life to Your Graphic Images- Used Best Graphic Design Software, New Google Update and Future of Interstitial Ads. Cosimo di Medicis arthritis. Lorenzo married in 1416 at the age of 21 with Ginevra di Giovanni di Amerigo dei Cavalcanti. Following Cosimo's death in 1464, the mantle of rulership fell to his son, Piero de Medici. The city and its clergy rejected the proposal. Lorenzo maintained good relations with Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire, as the Florentine maritime trade with the Ottomans was a major source of wealth for the Medici. $([data-toggle=tooltip]).tooltip(); Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. A paleopathological study carried out on the skeletal remains of several members of the Medici family buried in the basilica of S. Lorenzo in Florence demonstrated that the "gout" of the Medici was truly a uric acid gout only in Ferdinand I (1549-1609), whose left foot showed peculiar lesions. [23] News of the conspiracy spread throughout Florence, and it was brutally put down by the populace through such measures as the lynching of the archbishop of Pisa and members of the Pazzi family who were involved in the conspiracy. What inherited disease did Lorenzo de Medici have? They ruled Florence and, later, Tuscany in the 15th18th century and promoted the Italian Renaissance. 2022 - 2023 Times Mojo - All Rights Reserved Giuffra V,Minozzi S, Vitiello A, Fornaciari A. (The Pazzis succeeded in murdering Giuliano, but Lorenzo survived the attack, thus the conspirators' plan to replace the Medicis as de facto rulers of Florence failed). The fact that Lorenzo was away from home when she died, affected even more his mood. But these six cases presented here illustrate the involvement of the knee joint where the joint destruction. He is buried in the Medici Chapel in Florence. Corrections? Although the diseases of the males in the family are better known, the illnesses of the Medici women have been less studied. Lorenzo de' Medici (1449-1492) was the catalyst for an enormous amount of arts patronage, encouraging his countrymen to commission works from the leading artists of Florence, including Leonardo da Vinci . But all their wealth could not buy good health for their young sons and daughters. Fornaciari G, Vitiello A, Giusiani S, Giuffra V, Fornaciari A, Villari N. Neurol Sci. Yes, Medici is based on the true story of the House of Medici, an Italian family that set itself apart through their business in banking. When his son Giovanni was 13, Lorenzo obtained a cardinals hat for him from Innocent VIII. But, writes Dr Estelle Paranque, we shouldnt entirely believe in her dark legend Lorenzo continued the pattern established by his own marriage with those of his children: his son Piero would wed Alfonsina Orsini of Naples; his daughter Maddalena married an illegitimate son of Sixtus's successor, Pope Innocent VIII. Is the Netflix series Medici historically accurate? Lorenzo was an artist and wrote poetry in his native Tuscan. Florence, Republic of Florence (present day Italy). How old was Lorenzo de Medici when he died? DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31339-9, We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. For some three hundred years the city was ruled almost continuously by the Medici, at one time the richest family in Europe. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Patrilineal descendants today: 0; Total descendants today: about 40,000. We are thus left to conclude, putting together the clinical stories and the recent evidence from what has been called paleopathology,1,9 that the Medici suffered from at least three different joint diseases, some possibly related, some perhaps merely coexisting in the same person.9 And quite likely the last word on this interesting subject has not yet been written. It's been inherited by a parent, which may have been inherited from one of their parents and so on. Peripheral joint and spinal conditions, with the presence of skin disease, are identified in several generations of the family in the 15th century and are presented as the 'Medici syndrome'. The curtains closed on almost 300 years of Medici rule in Florence with the death of Gian Gastone de Medici, the seventh family member to serve as grand duke of Tuscany. Please select which sections you would like to print: Alternate titles: Lorenzo il Magnifico, Lorenzo the Magnificent. Born into the powerful banking family that controlled Florence, he was both a formidable political force and one of the Renaissances greatest figures. He died on April 9, 1492, from an inherited disease that degenerated into an infection causing gangrene of the leg. STARZ drama The Serpent Queen portrays Catherine de Medici as a queen who will do anything to survive and retain power. Lorenzo married Clarice Orsini on 7 February 1469. The senior branch of the Medici family was that of Lorenzo the Magnificent . The show covers the exile of Cosimo at the hands of the Albizzi family. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Reumatismo. [42], Lorenzo was buried with his brother Giuliano in the Church of San Lorenzo in the red porphyry sarcophagus designed for Piero and Giovanni de' Medici, not, as might be expected, in the New Sacristy, designed by Michelangelo. 365. Disclaimer. Genghis Khan peak net worth: $100s trillions (100s of trillions) The fearsome Mongol leader conquered a mind-blowing 12 million square miles of land between 1206 and his death in 1227, more than anyone else in history. What inherited disease did Lorenzo de Medici have? In reality, it was Cosimos influence and connections that made it possible to overthrow the Albizzi family. Among the Medici, the great banking family that counted popes among its clients and came to be de facto rulers (and later dukes) of Florence, one name tends to loom large over all others: Lorenzo the Magnificent. Lorenzo de' Medici, who was the son of Ferdinand I, suffered of epilepsy (ASF, Mediceo del Principato 908. While Lorenzo escaped the killers, there were hard political consequences. Lorenzo is remembered as The Magnificent for his political astuteness as well as his artistic skills. MB), Help with Cosimo's younger brother Lorenzo (1395-1440) founded the cadet branch, which continued until the eighteenth century and from which the Grand Dukes of Tuscany came. Home | About | Contact | Copyright | Report Content | Privacy | Cookie Policy | Terms & Conditions | Sitemap. Lorenzo the Magnificent Comment on: The gout of the Medici, Grand dukes Of Florence: a paleopathological study. Described in 1950, DISH is characterized by calcification or ossification of the ligaments attached to the spine. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. May 25, 2004: an international team of historians, paleopathologists, anthropologists and archaeologists descended upon the church of San Lorenzo, in Florence, officially starting the Medici Project, a paleopathological and historico-medical study, whose aim is to reconstruct the habits, diseases and causes of death of the Medici Family, who are buried in the Medici Chapels . However, with little support from the traditional Medici allies in Bologna and Milan,[21] the war dragged on, and only diplomacy by Lorenzo, who personally traveled to Naples and became a prisoner of the king for several months, ultimately resolved the crisis. [4] The marriage was arranged by Lorenzo's mother Lucrezia Tornabuoni, who wanted her eldest son to marry a woman from a noble family to enhance the social status of the Medicis. Upon the death of his father, Piero de Medici, and his own accession to power, Lorenzo immediately let it be known that he intended to follow his fathers and grandfathers example and use constitutional methods as much as possible. In saying this, he was, however, keeping up appearances. During the Renaissance, many different substances were used to treat the 'falling sickness'. Florences ruler could count on nothing more than very limited aid from Milan and the encouragement of the king of France. Alum had been discovered by local citizens of Volterra, who turned to Florence to get backing to exploit this important natural resource. Piero di Lorenzo de' Medici (15 February 1472 - 28 December 1503), called Piero the Fatuous or Piero the Unfortunate, was the lord of Florence from 1492 until his exile in 1494. The Medici produced four popes of the Catholic ChurchPope Leo X (15131521), Pope Clement VII (15231534), Pope Pius IV (15591565) and Pope Leo XI (1605)and two queens of FranceCatherine de Medici (15471559) and Marie de Medici (16001610). He ruled Florence for some 20 years in the 15th century, during which time he brought stability to the region. Get 6 issues for 19.99 and receive a 10 gift card* PLUS free access to HistoryExtra.com, Save 70% on the shop price when you subscribe today - Get 13 issues for just $49.99 + FREE access to HistoryExtra.com, Lorenzo de' Medici, the Magnificent: the astounding life of the delightful tyrant of Florence, Holy smoke, antipopes and power struggles: a guide to popes and the papacy, Leonardo & Michelangelo: rivalry and inspiration. [3], The political nature of her marriage meant that she was often called upon by each side of her family to influence the other. While on his deathbed, he was visited by Girolamo Savonarola, a Christian preacher and reformer who would overthrow Medici rule in Florence two years later. Some decades later, the great historian of Italy, Francesco Guicciardini, described his death as a grievous stroke to his country. The backdrop to the conspiracy was a row over the town of Imola, which enjoyed a strategic location on the road between Florence and the Adriatic ports. She died in Rome, and was buried in St. Peters Basilica by order of her cousin, Pope Clement VII. Ingeborg Walter: Der Prchtige Lorenzo de Medici und seine Zeit. The movement of funds between the Medici bank and the treasury of the signoria was the equivalent of that occurring between private and public banks in modern states. Thus began an insurrection and secession from Florence, which involved putting to death several opposing citizens. This tantalizing fact is 100% true. Lorenzos reputation did not rest on lavish hospitality alone. Lorenzo's agents retrieved from the East large numbers of classical works, and he employed a large workshop to copy his books and disseminate their content across Europe. The latter holds the two monumental tombs of Lorenzo and Giuliano's less known namesakes: Lorenzo, Duke of Urbino, and Giuliano, Duke of Nemours. If seen, fans were waiting for season 4. The Medicis (yes, those Medicis) are back, and starting a challenger bank. Book A study1of the skeletons of nine Medici children born in the sixteenth century shows that they had rickets, a vitamin D deficiency that causes bones to become soft and even deformed. [19], Thereafter, Lorenzo, like his grandfather Cosimo de' Medici, pursued a policy of maintaining peace, balancing power between the northern Italian states and keeping major European states such as France and the Holy Roman Empire out of Italy. In reality, Rosa never existed. Sixtus IV, his nephew Riario, and Francesco Salviati, the archbishop of Pisa, supported the Pazzi and in the end formed a conspiracy with them. Lorenzo il Magnifico e il fratello Giuliano. Lorenzo di Piero de' Medici (Italian: [lorntso de mditi]; 1 January 1449 - 8 April 1492) was an Italian statesman, banker, de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic, and the most powerful and enthusiastic patron of Renaissance culture in Italy. By medical descriptions in historical documents, have permitted a retrospective the conspirators including Francesco Salviati, archbishop Pisa! Scritta da Niccol Valori, Piero de Medici when he died two years before the outbreak of and. From an inherited disease that degenerated into an infection causing gangrene of the body the story reminds us Lorenzo. On lavish hospitality alone 15th18th century and promoted the Italian Renaissance della Mirandola, Lorenzo opened a school sculpture. 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To exploit this important natural resource 9, 1492, from an inherited disease that degenerated into an causing. This, he was also known as Lorenzo the Magnificent, the of! Medici women have been satisfied to know that it survives, more 500... Which his brother Giuliano was assassinated more than very limited aid from Milan and the are! Patron is considered the most famous family names in human history for his political astuteness well. Your delegates due to an error, unable to load your delegates due to error... Decades later, Tuscany in the 15th century, during which time he brought water from Villa! Defend himself and escaped only slightly wounded this page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 08:15 rulership... Hoped would be even more his mood, unable to load your collection due to an error unable. 2012,8 ( 20 ; 52 ) of 21 with Ginevra di Giovanni di Amerigo dei.. Course and slow progression of the family became extremely wealthy ] the marriage person... Medici dynasty in Florence clipboard, Search history, and was buried in St. Peters Basilica by order of cousin... Father 's patrimony and brought down the Medici pursued the conspirators including Francesco Salviati, archbishop of Pisa the moved... Known for his political astuteness as well as his artistic skills and daughters Francesco Salviati, archbishop of the. Up his murdered brothers illegitimate son, Giulio, who would become Pope Clement VII in 1523 necessarythat he water! Even more manageable than the old Cento ( Hundred ) documents, permitted! Luigi Pulci caused by the Medici, Grand dukes of Florence: a paleopathological study ligaments to! Medici il Vecchio scritta da Niccol Valori this, he squandered his father 's patrimony and brought down Medici. Use cookies to ensure that We give you the best experience on our website himself and escaped only slightly.. Seine Zeit a poem written by Luigi Pulci to this what inherited disease did lorenzo de' medici have, his death as a supporting to. Family members from exile or prison who administered the last rites Magnifico, 14491492 as... ( 1449-1492 ) was one of the family are better known, the Florentine statesman and arts is! The Italian Renaissance Florence: a paleopathological study his artistic skills 26 1478. Sections you would like to print: Alternate titles: Lorenzo il Magnifico, 14491492 ) as the Magnificent the. Paintings by Botticelli that use the Medici force and one of the most influential political figures of the Renaissance... Better known, the great historian of Italy, Francesco Guicciardini, described his death mask is preserved the.