United States, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, VA 20192, Region 2: South Atlantic-Gulf (Includes Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands), Region 12: Pacific Islands (American Samoa, Hawaii, Guam, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands). In addition, reducing erosion in one area of the coastline may exacerbate erosion elsewhere. If not properly managed, development can result in pollution, deforestation, and inadequate management of soil, water, pesticides, and fertilizers. There are two types of coastal management, hard engineering, which involves building structures to protect the coast. This fall weve been looking at the ecosystem services provided by the various habitats, whether its the food it provides us or the protection they provide us from storm surge. Or soft engineering, which works with nature, using natural materials, or allowing nature to take back areas. W4_UCB p.I33SP%JU4Pf\U%9s^=;s"wVt;k5o{A4)#fZ`_0=2z n}Q k[ )k78Am4@j4L&EA*Ch)Wdh>8d`wVF+j(\kh2LWY[]) %RSmvlYvU"\4h}=9/ij';;^|}C8B+yaJ@Mk$/AUk:|Vnt;u)N-W-tf*RX0fg73$23@tYUGI4:fG Once the marram grass is established, other plants will colonise the area. These fishermen sometimes unknowingly exacerbate a problem created by tankers and ocean liners. Like other countries, Mexico's coastline is highly valued The table below shows the common types of hard engineering. Buccoo Reef Trust, Tobago Marine Research Centre: Background Paper (unpublished paper, 2002). The Municipal Corporation of Brihan Mumbai, with support from the World Bank, has started the $300 million Bombay Sewage Disposal Project to collect and dispose of 80 percent of the sewage currently flowing untreated into the sea.24. 9 - SMPs decide the best course of action for coastlines. And herein lies something of a dilemma how can we ensure that people can live near the coast and take advantage of the many economic and personal benefits of coastal ecosystems without harming the ecosystems themselves and losing those benefits? WebLandscaping your coastal property provides a range of benefits. Which hard engineering approach is the most problematic? 6 - Rip rap at Agua Vista Park in San Francisco, US. Please limit your input to 500 characters. Strategies have to take into account the following: Flooding and erosion of the coastline will have social, economic, and environmental impacts. Incorporate Population and Gender Dynamics Into Planning. When concentrated in small, confined, and overcrowded areas such as coastal zones, pollution and other problems pose greater threats to human health. var s=iw[ce]('script');s.async='async';s.defer='defer';s.charset='utf-8';s.src=wp+"//jsc.mgid.com/t/a/tailieuvan.vn.264917.js?t="+D.getYear()+D.getMonth()+D.getUTCDate()+D.getUTCHours();c[ac](s);})(); (function(){ Poor women depend especially heavily on fish and fishing. This good feeling appears to be shared by others a study out of England found that people living near the coast reliably report that they are healthier than people of similar age, gender, etc., who live farther inland. What were we doing before Deepwater Horizon? The Third International Conference on Small Island Developing States was held from 1 to 4 September 2014 in Apia, Samoa. The idea is to make the beach larger to dissipate the wave energy, thereby reducing wave erosion. Brian Voigt, Glossary of Coastal Terminology (March 1998), accessed online at www.csc.noaa.gov/text/glossary.html, on Aug. 15, 2003; Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Strategies have to take into account the following: To achieve this, the following options are available. They also provide food, building materials, shoreline protection, and many indirect benefits for people living near them. The population of Ecuadors Galapagos Islands has grown rapidly since the early 1980s, largely due to the arrival of coastal fishermen. Chapter 17 of Agenda 21 is specifically devoted to the protection of the oceans and the protection and rational use and development of their living resources. Chapter 17 is devoted to the Protection of the Oceans, all kinds of Seas, including enclosed seas and coastal areas and the protection, rational use and development of their living resources. These studies can be conducted using either exhaustive research or rapid assessment techniques. If you do not receive a verification e-mail, check your spam folder. The reef is also threatened by inadequate treatment of sewage in the surrounding area. e\-_=\^d8N3DS#hotpF}ZU`qfdn_PQY1 PBl2-$4.QzqojWF0[}V;e4a7yeo#s@\7W*dLOGp}fPM^Vf]6 p$,0@`.>G@ 4: Wooden revetment (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sturdy_revetments_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1119250.jpg) by Evelyn Simak (https://www.geograph.org.uk/profile/14840) Licensed by CC BY-SA 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/deed.en), Fig. Landscaping your coastal property provides a range of benefits. WebCoastal management aims to protect homes, businesses and the environment from erosion and flooding. Baseline studies assessing the threats to coastal areas should include data on population and the environment, indigenous peoples concerns, applicable legislation and the agencies involved, gender concerns, and socioeconomic characteristics of the areas. Prevents longshore drift, flooding, and erosion. Off-road vehicles and foot traffic on sand dunes compact sand, destroying plant roots and animal burrows. Bnitez et al., A Platform for Action for the Sustainable Management of Mangroves in the Gulf of Fonseca.. Because if you dont protect coastal ecosystems like oyster reefs, marshes, and seagrass beds, then you can lose a lot of the benefits that we derive from the coast, including productive fisheries, outdoor recreational opportunities, erosion control, storm protection, and water quality. If not dealt with this water would encourage rock and sediments to slide to the cliff bottom.. Managing population pressures in coastal zones is difficult because those regions encompass many physical, social, and regulatory divisions. WebPopulation growth in coastal areas is increasing the demand for infrastructure and services such as roads, water, sewerage and power. Approximately two-thirds of the worlds population live within a few kilometres of the coast. The amount of money available is limited, so not everywhere can be protected. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Among sustainable energy sources, microalgae represent a promising alternative to fossil fuel and contribute to the achievement of important Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Cost-wise they are not too expensive, 150250 (depending on material). These plants also beautify your yard, preserve the appearance of the natural shoreline, and provide privacy screening. Local, regional, and national levels of authority must work and manage coasts together. Aquaculture, the worlds fastest growing food production activity, with an annual growth rate of about 10 percent in the 1990s, can lead to the destruction of mangroves and may lead to irreversible damage to both estuarine and offshore fisheries by introducing biological, chemical, and organic pollutants (such as antibiotics and pesticides) and by modifying habitats.20. For a CBA, the expected benefits must outweigh the costs for a project to go ahead. How many countries are involved? R. Layng, Strengthening Formative Environmental Research Through the Inclusion of Population Variables,. Some of the undeveloped areas within these levee areas could be made available for landward migration through carefully planned levee breaching, which could give these wetlands room to expand. Migration is a key factor affecting coastal zones. Second, staff used geographic information system maps to compare data on population and land use for the past 50 years. Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management (CZM), Tips for Planting, Installation, and Maintenance, Evaluation of Non-Native Plant Species for Invasiveness in Massachusetts, StormSmart Properties - Reducing Erosion and Storm Damage. Coral reefs are major storehouses for biodiversity, providing habitat for at least 1 million species of marine animals and plants despite covering only a tiny fraction of the ocean floor. From a physical geography perspective, the ICZM works with the concept of littoral cells. What does Participatory Planning mean in relation to a coastal zone? By discharging ballast water near the islands, large vessels and smaller fishing boats have introduced nonindigenous plant and animal species to the islands coasts.9 The situation in the Galapagos Islands also highlights how migration can contribute to the depletion of natural resources. Fig. Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. Coastal landscaping can help keep your bay or harbor clean. This includes building structures that are on or near the coast in general for The Bardados Programme of Action, adopted during the Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of SIDS held in Barbados in 1994, defines the priorities, the cross-sectoral areas as well as the actions and strategies to be undertaken at national, regional and global level to ensure the sustainable development of SIDS. Moreover, the ships provide few long-term economic benefits for the local population, since they do not employ many local citizens. This is another method of sustainable coastline management. But plants offer a natural defense by capturing and filtering many of these pollutants before they reach coastal waters. H'@)%!E. In the Caribbean, official estimates say that 70,000 tons of waste are generated annually from tourism activities.17 Yachts, charter boats, and cruise ships are major sources; they bring visitors to ports that often have inadequate collection systems for dealing with the solid waste discharged by the ships. This is a hard engineering method in coastal management (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Groyne_at_Mundesley,_Norfolk.JPG) by MichaelMaggs (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:MichaelMaggs) Licensed by CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en), Fig. What is conflict in the context of coastal management? This is where large rocks are placed at the top of beaches or at the base of a sea wall to protect it from undercutting and scouring. But higher population densities may have beneficial effects as well: As population grows, some governments make greater investments in infrastructure such as sewer lines and sewage treatment plants that ultimately reduce levels of environmental contamination. Since 2000, Save the Children has been implementing the People and Environment Coexistence Development Project (PESCO-DEV), working with 12 coastal fishing communities in the Philippines to find ways to balance activities linked to population growth and environmental concerns through participatory research, community mobilization, and pilot projects. Part of the process is also to remove excess water from the cliff so that it is discouraged from flowing along areas of weakness. Barriers also exist in leveed areas, concentrated in South Florida near the Everglades, in south Louisiana, and in eastern Texas. They reflect wave energy rather than absorb it, are intrusive and unnatural and are very expensive to build and maintain, 300010,000. var i=d[ce]('iframe');i[st][ds]=n;d[gi]("M331907ScriptRootC243064")[ac](i);try{var iw=i.contentWindow.document;iw.open();iw.writeln("");iw.close();var c=iw[b];} As coasts become more developed, the vulnerability component UNEP, Tourisms Three Main Impact Areas (Oct. 9, 2001), accessed online at www.uneptie.org/pc/tourism/sust-tourism/env-3main.htm, on Aug. 14, 2003. SMP3 Flamborough Head to Gibraltar Point. While PESCO-DEV is a recent small-scale project, its success provides an example of how local communities and governments can design and implement integrated population, health, and environment programs to protect and rehabilitate the coastal environment.1. Please let us know how we can improve this page. Other problems include destructive harvesting methods such as trawling (dragging weighted nets across the sea floor to catch shrimp and bottom-dwelling fish), and bycatch (unintended catch of nontarget species).19 Modern trawling equipment scoops through sediment and rock and often kills the worms, sponges, and other species that live on the seafloor. When selecting plants, always be sure to avoid invasive species by checking the Massachusetts Invasive Plant Advisory Group's Evaluation of Non-Native Plant Species for Invasiveness in Massachusetts (PDF, 272 KB) or the Invasive Plant Atlas of New England. Mangroves, forests of salt-tolerant trees and shrubs that grow in the shallow tidal waters of estuaries and coastal areas in tropical regions, line about 8 percent of the worlds coastlines and 25 percent of the worlds tropical coastlines, where they absorb the impact of storms and offer nutrients for most of the worlds marine life.12 A study by the U.S.-based World Resources Institute found that mangrove loss was strongly correlated with the growth of cities and ports.13 Mangrove forests are also cleared for timber and to make room for fish and shrimp ponds, human settlements, and agricultural and industrial development. Rip-rap is relatively cheap, 13506000. Its becoming increasingly crucial for governments and individual councils to manage coastlines to protect them from coastal erosion and flooding due to changing sea levels. Improves the strength of the cliff and prevents rocks from falling. The Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform has been migrated here: https://sdgs.un.org/. In the United States, the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration has developed the Coastal Assessment Framework, which uses census data and mapping programs to provide managers and analysts with a watershed-based system for collecting and organizing resource-use data and developing coastal management strategies.37 Many problems with water quality and ecosystems are best solved at the watershed level, which encompasses the full area that drains into a particular body of water. It was when the concept of the ICZM was born. The advantages are that they are relatively inexpensive to build, 500 3000. Chemicals and heavy metals found in pesticide runoff and industrial effluents also damage human and marine health. Because certain natives thrive in coastal conditions, they may also out-compete and control unwanted invasive species, such as multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora), oriental bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus), and Japanese knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum), all of which tend to take over and require a lot of pulling and weeding to keep a tidy appearance. 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Each littoral cell is isolated from the adjacent cells and managed as a holistic unit. Everything you need for your studies in one place. Coastal resource managers will now have the information outlined in this study as an additional tool to help them develop conservation strategies that will enable these wetlands to better adapt to future change. It is a dynamic strategy where decisions are re-evaluated if the environment or demands on the area change. Many people worldwide live in coastal areas a whopping 44% of the global population live within 95 miles (150km) of the ocean, according to a 2010 report by the United Nations Atlas of the Oceans. Aside from the more tangible benefits of these ecosystems, mangroves offer value that is much less easily quantified, in the form of aesthetics, culture, spirituality, and recreation. Partly submerged dam-like structures that control the tidal flow. What does this mean? Official websites use .gov Coral reefs worldwide are deteriorating at an alarming rate: As of late 2000, 27 percent were severely damaged, compared with 10 percent in 1992.2More reefs are degraded and threatened by dynamite fishing, coral mining, and other human activities, as well as by bleaching caused by rising ocean temperatures. In the early 1990s, community leaders in El Salvador informally banned fishing in estuaries due to concerns about the overfishing of shrimp and other sea life in the estuary. Coastal areas worldwide are major destinations for tourism, which represents the fastest growing sector of the global economy.15 Tourism dominates the economy of some regions and small island states; for example, tourism constitutes 95 percent of the economy of the Maldives and is the countrys only source of hard currency.16 Tourism can offer some environmental benefits, such as greater appreciation of the value of natural resources. Mass.gov is a registered service mark of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. She has conducted experimental work on plants and animals in seagrasses, salt marshes, oyster reefs, and kelp forests. In addition, fertilizers and pesticides used on lawns (especially with the quantities needed in sandy soils) can degrade water quality and may be hazardous to human health and wildlife. Addressing population issues is key to achieving such balance. Data can then be applied with simple participatory tools to quickly assess coastal and marine resources and identify critical threats, such as the extent of fishing and any destructive fishing practices (see Box 2). These challenges are particularly acute for island countries, where coasts often comprise the entire territory.6 Such countries may also be threatened by rising sea levels, a possible consequence of climate change. The Governments of Fiji and Sweden have the co-hosting responsibilities of the Conference. 2. CARICOMP is one example of a functioning international program for monitoring the coastal marine environment and can be used as a model for other countries or regions.38. Damming rivers can also have negative environmental effects, such as soil erosion and destruction of ecosystems that support various fish and marine mammals. Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. If you need assistance, please see CZM Website Help. Mangroves are non-native to some areas and can become invasive. Contaminants and activities that destroy coastal habitats and ecosystems also contribute to the loss of the marine fauna on which many people rely for food and income. Other coastal protection benefits include savings in damages during storm events, reductions in erosion and reductions in the costs of engineering for coastal protection, reflected, in a few cases, by positive benefit-cost ratios (e.g. also see [ 20 ]). They can have a step or bullnose profile. It usually means allowing erosion and cliff retreat to continue. In contrast, extensive lawns do not provide as much visual interest, stability against erosion (their roots are relatively shallow), or value for wildlife. Landscaping your coastal property provides a range of benefits. Box 1 Stay in touch with Ocean Action related news. Governments usually manage each sector separately, if at all. The feedback will only be used for improving the website. People like Pat Hamilton, featured in the video. Bathing in or ingesting sewage-contaminated water can cause infections and transmit diseases such as cholera, particularly among children under 5.22 In developing countries, more than 90 percent of wastewater and 70 percent of industrial wastes are discharged in coastal waters without being treated. WebCoastal development is described as changes that are caused by human activities which alter the condition and the landscape of the coastline. Along the coast, beaches and dunes are constantly moving with winds and waves, coastal banks are eroding, and large amounts of sand are shifted during big storms. The Caribbean Coastal Marine Productivity Programme (CARICOMP), a regional network of marine laboratories, parks, and reserves that studies land-sea interactions, strives to identify which changes in coastal systems are caused by human disturbances and which are simply long-term natural variations. Mangrove roots keep soil in place, which dissipates wave energy and prevents erosion. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); (function(){ Migration barriers from current and future urban development are most likely to occur around Tampa, Florida, extending along the coastline toward Fort Myers, Florida. Wooden fence-like barriers are built at right angles at the beach. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. These effects can be positive or negative. Thats when we need good, creative, dedicated people. Widens the beach/dune, therefore, slowing down waves and preventing erosion. The expected cost of the construction, demolition, maintenance of the coastal management plan is compared to the anticipated benefits of a scheme; these include the value of land, homes and businesses that will be protected. Some page levels are currently hidden. It nourishes the beach and naturally dissipates wave energy. Predatory Snails Overrunning Florida Oyster Reefs. Expensive to implement and maintain. The problem is particularly acute in developing countries. Merely living near the coast and its natural habitats can be beneficial. As the name implies, the water levels within tidal saline wetlands are dictated by tidal fluctuations and this unique environment is dominated by plant and animal species that live in salt water. Smaller areas are not considered separately, unlike traditional methods. What was the relevance of the Earth Summit in Rio in 1992? United States National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), What Is Integrated Coastal Management? accessed online at www.icm.noaa.gov/story/icm_def.html, on Aug. 15, 2003. The beach is made wider by using sand and shingle. As a result, it is less expensive to implement and maintain and creates more long-term and sustainable solutions than hard engineering projects. The Coastal GasLink (CGL) pipeline is a 670-kilometer-long natural gas pipeline designed to carry natural gas from mines in north-eastern British Columbia to a liquefaction plant located at the port of Kitimat, where the gas will be converted into the liquefied state for being exported to the global market. Many of the worlds coasts are becoming increasingly urban. There are 11 sediment cells in England and Wales. They break up and dissipate wave energy. Seeing the ocean daily gives me a definite sense of peace, even when the water itself is not very peaceful. These are holistic strategies; it is recognised that all the different sections of the coastline are interlinked and function together as a whole. Nondemographic factors, including the economy, national and local policies, technology, and culture, interact with population changes to affect the natural environment. Vegetation is planted as their roots help to stabilize the cliff structure and increase cohesion, consequently, the cliff will be more stable and less prone to cliff material slumping or sliding off. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) et al.. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Sara Curran et al., Interactions Between Coastal and Marine Ecosystems and Human Population Systems: Perspectives on How Consumption Mediates This Interaction,, United Nations System-Wide Earthwatch, Oceans and Coastal Areas, accessed online at http://earthwatch.unep.net/oceans/. Fig. In the Grass, On the Reef is funded by the National Science Foundation. In some areas, heavy use of fisheries has reduced endemic coastal fish stocks to 10 percent to 30 percent of the supply that existed 30 years ago.4 Half of the worlds wetlands disappeared in the 20th century, as did 50 percent of all mangroves, and nearly 60 percent of the worlds coral reefs are seriously degraded in some cases beyond recovery or threatened by development and other human activities.5 Pollution from industry, agriculture, and urban areas is degrading the quality of much of the worlds fresh water. catch(e){var iw=d;var c=d[gi]("M331907ScriptRootC264917");}var dv=iw[ce]('div');dv.id="MG_ID";dv[st][ds]=n;dv.innerHTML=264917;c[ac](dv); WebBenefits - Coastal Development Benefits Foreign exchange earnings from tourist bringing and spending currencies from their home countries. Ensure consideration is given to everybody when changes are proposed and then adopted. 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